Ingamba zo kwirinda feri z'ikamyo mu gihe cy'ubukonje

Gukonjesha umurongo wa feri y'ikamyo: Ingaruka n'uburyo ikoreshwa

Imikorereimodoka z'ubucuruzi zikomeyeMu duce turi munsi ya zeru, hagaragara intege nke zikomeye za mekanike. Gufunga umugozi w'amakamyo ni kimwe mu bintu bibangamira cyane umutekano w'imodoka no ku gihe cy'ibikorwa. Iyo ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 0°C (32°F), sisitemu z'umwuka zikoraferi z'indege z'ubucuruziBiba byoroshye cyane kuziba urubura. Ingaruka zishobora guterwa no gutinda guto mu mikorere kugeza ku gucika intege gukabije kwa feri, bigasaba abayobozi b'amato n'abayobozi bashinzwe kubungabunga indege gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza akomeye yo kugabanya igihe cy'itumba.

Ingaruka ku mikorere y'imodoka ku gihe cyo gukora

Imiyoboro ya feri ikonje ihindura ihungabana rikomeye mu gihe cyo gukora kw'imodoka no mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha. Iyo ikamyo ifunzwe cyangwa idakora neza, ingaruka z'amafaranga zihita zirimo guhamagara abantu mu buryo bwihutirwa (ERS), akenshi kuva ku madolari 500 kugeza ku madolari 1,200 bitewe n'uburemere bw'imodoka yakonje n'aho iherereye.

Byongeye kandi, imitungo idakora neza ibyara ikiguzi kitaziguye bitewe n’igihe cyo gutanga ibicuruzwa kitaragera, ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa n’ubushyuhe, ndetse n’amasezerano y’urwego rw’abakiriya yangiritse. Ibipimo by’inganda bigaragaza ko ikibazo cy’ihindagurika ry’inzira hagati mu buryo butunguranye gishobora gutwara imodoka zirenga $800 kugeza $1,500 ku munsi mu mafaranga yatakaye gusa, bitabazwamo gutinda gukererwa bigira ingaruka ku ngendo zo kohereza ibicuruzwa nyuma yaho.

Icyo imigozi ya feri y'ikamyo ikonje isobanura

Ku rwego rwa mekanike, imiyoboro ya feri y'ikamyo ikonje bivuze ko ibimenyetso by'umwuka bisabwa kugira ngo inkweto za feri zishyirwe cyangwa zirekurwe bidashobora kugenda hagati y'ibigega, amavali, naibyumba byo gufunga feriSisitemu z'ubucuruzi zikoresha feri zikoresha umwuka urimo umuvuduko kugira ngo zitsinde imbaraga za mashini zikoreshwa n'amasoko akomeye.

Iyo urubura rubaye mu miyoboro y’umwuka y’ibanze cyangwa iya kabiri, mu byuma bitwara abagenzi, cyangwa mu byuma bifasha mu kugabanya umwuka, bituma habaho kuziba kw’umwuka kudashobora kwinjiramo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, sisitemu ishobora kunanirwa kohereza umuvuduko w’umwuka ukenewe kugira ngo feri yo guhagarara irekurwe—bigatuma feri ihagarara—cyangwa, mu buryo buteye akaga kurushaho, ntishobore gutanga umuvuduko ukenewe kugira ngo feri yo guhagarara ikoreshwe mu gihe cyo kuyitwara.

Iyo gukonjesha bibaye ikibazo cy'umutekano

Impinduka kuva ku kibazo cy’umutekano muke ujya ku kibazo gikomeye cy’umutekano bibaho iyo urubura rugize ikibazo cy’uko umwuka ugenda nabi, bigatuma feri itinda gukoreshwa cyangwa imbaraga zidasanzwe zo gufunga feri ku migozi. Uku kudahuza kw’imigozi byongera cyane intera yo guhagarara kandi byongera amahirwe yo gukubita icyuma mu mihanda y’itumba.

Dukurikije amabwiriza ya Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), uburyo bwo gufunga feri butekanye ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru itera kutubahiriza amategeko agenga imikorere y’imodoka zitari mu modoka (OOS). Amakuru y’amateka aturuka mu bushakashatsi mpuzamahanga bw’imodoka zitwara abagenzi (CVSA) agaragaza ko inenge za feri zigize hafi 29% by’amategeko yose agenga imikorere y’imodoka. Umugozi umwe ubuza feri gukora bituma imodoka yose ivanze idakora neza kandi idashobora gukoreshwa n’amategeko.

Impamvu za tekiniki zitera gukonjesha umugozi wa feri

Gusobanukirwa impamvu za tekiniki zitera gufunga umurongo wa feri y'amakamyo bisaba gusuzuma imiterere ya termodynamics y'umwuka n'intege nke ziterwa n'uburyo umwuka ufunze. Impamvu nyamukuru y'ibintu byose bikonjesha ni ukuba hari amazi y'amazi mu bikorwa remezo bya feri y'umwuka, ahinduka mu cyiciro iyo ahuye n'ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere.

Ubushuhe mu buryo bw'umwuka ufunze

Ubushuhe buhora bwinjira mu mwuka ufunze kuko umwuka wo mu kirere uba urimo umwuka w’amazi. Iyo compressor y’imodoka ikurura umwuka wo mu kirere ikawukanda ku gitutu cy’imikorere—ubusanzwe hagati ya 100 na 125 PSI—igipimo cy’umwuka w’amazi kuri buri gipimo cy’ingano kiriyongera cyane.

Mu gihe cy’ubushuhe bwinshi, compressor isanzwe ishobora kunywa amazi agera kuri ounces ebyiri z’amazi kuri buri gikorwa. Iyo icyuma cyumisha umwuka cy’imodoka kidakora neza, cyarenze urugero, cyangwa gikoresha ibintu byuzuyemo amazi, ubu bushuhe bunyura mu cyiciro cya mbere cyo kuyungurura maze bugashyirwa mu kigega cy’amazi, kizwi nka tanki ritose.

Kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje

Fiziki y’igabanuka ry’ubushyuhe n’ubukonje ni byo bigenga ihinduka ry’umwuka w’amazi uhinduka amazi y’amazi ateje akaga. Iyo umwuka ushyushye cyane usohoka muri compressor, unyura mu murongo usohora amazi maze ugatangira gukonja. Ubushyuhe uyu mwuka utagishobora gufata umwuka wose w’amazi buzwi nka dew point.

Iyo umwuka ukonje munsi y’aho ugeze mu bigega cyangwa mu miyoboro ikwirakwizwa, umwuka wiyongera ukavamo ibitonyanga by’amazi. Iyo ubushyuhe bwo hanze bugabanutse munsi y’urugero rw’ubukonje bwa 32°F (0°C), ubwo bushyuhe bwiyongera buhita buhinduka urubura, bugatuma habaho kuziba kw’amazi mu nzira nto z’umwuka.

Ibice bifite ibyago byinshi n'aho byangirika

Ibice bimwe na bimwe by’imiterere ya feri y’umwuka bishobora kwibasirwa cyane n’urubura bitewe n’aho biherereye, ingano y’aho biherereye, ndetse no guhura n’ubukonje bw’umuyaga. Kumenya ibi bice bishobora gutera ibyago byinshi ni ingenzi mu gusuzuma indwara z’imbeho.

Intambwe zo kubungabunga mu gihe cy'itumba

Kugabanya ibyago byo gukonjesha umwuka bisaba ingamba zo kubungabunga ubwishingizi bw'igihe cy'itumba. Ishami rishinzwe kubungabunga indege zikora mu turere dukonje rigomba kuva ku gusana ubwishingizi bw'impanuka zigatangira gutanga serivisi ziteganya igihe cy'itumba, akenshi rigatangiza gahunda zo kuvugurura ikirere mu ntangiriro z'umuhindo kugira ngo harebwe ko ubwiza bw'imikorere y'ikirere buhagaze neza mbere yuko bukonje bwa mbere.

Isuzuma rya feri y'umwuka mbere y'itumba

Igenzura rikomeye rya feri y'umwuka mbere y'itumba ni intambwe y'ibanze mu gutegura igihe cy'ubukonje. Abatekinisiye bagomba gusuzuma neza uburyo umwuka wose ukoreshwa, bahereye ku murongo ukoreshwa mu gusohora umwuka. Kwiyongera kwa karuboni mu murongo ukoreshwa mu gusohora umwuka bibuza umwuka gutembera, bigatuma compressor ishyuha cyane kandi igakora igihe kirekire. Ibi byongera ubushuhe bunyura muri sisitemu ku buryo butamenyekanye.

Igenzura rigomba kandi kugenzura imikorere ya za valve zikoresha amazi mu buryo bwikora ku bigega by'umwuka. Gusohora amazi mu kigega gitose n'intoki bigomba gukorwa buri munsi kugira ngo harebwe imyanda; kuba hari amazi menshi cyangwa emulsion y'amazi y'amavuta bigaragaza cyane ko hari ibyangiritse mu mazi byo mu kirere bisaba ko bikosorwa vuba.

Uburyo bwo kumisha umwuka no kugenzura ubushuhe

Uburyo bwo kumutsa umwuka n'uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushuhe ni bwo buryo bw'ibanze bwo kwirinda gukonjesha umugozi w'iferi. Ikigo cyuma umwuka gikoresha akazu kawumisha amazi kugira ngo gikurure umwuka w'amazi mbere yuko ugera mu bigega. Ubusanzwe mu nganda butegeka ko iyi kazu isimbura buri myaka ibiri cyangwa hafi kilometero 100.000, bitewe n'ibyo umuntu akeneye mu kazi.

Byongeye kandi, abatekinisiye bagomba kugerageza icyuma gishyushya imbere mu cyuma cyumisha umwuka. Iki cyuma gishyushya gikoreshwa mu buryo bwa thermostat gikunze gukora iyo ubushyuhe bugabanutse bukagera kuri dogere selisiyusi 7 (7°C) kandi kikavana hagati ya ampemetero 3 na 5 z'amashanyarazi. Iyo icyuma gishyushya kinaniwe, valve yo gusukura izahita ifunga, igafata ubushuhe bwinshi mu cyumba cyumisha.

Igihe cyo gusimbuza ibice byo ku ruhande

Kumenya igihe cyo gusimbuza ibice byo ku ruhande bishingiye ku bipimo by’imikorere bihamye aho gusuzuma ibintu byoroshye. Iyo amavuta ya compressor arenze 10% kugeza 15% by’ingano isanzwe y’umwuka, amavuta ya aerosol azatwikira amasaro ya desiccant, akangiza burundu imyenge yayo ifata ubushuhe.

Muri ibyo bihe, gusimbuza desiccant udakoresheje amavuta ya compressor ntacyo bimaze. Byongeye kandi,ibyuma byumisha umwuka n'ibyuma bifunganyeIgabanuka ry'umuvuduko rirenze 2 kugeza kuri 4 PSI mu gihe cy'imikorere isanzwe rigomba gushyirwaho ikimenyetso kugira ngo risimburwe. Iri tandukaniro ry'umuvuduko rikunze kugaragaza imipaka y'imbere cyangwa imitako yangiritse ikongera imbaraga mu gihe cy'ubukonje bukabije.

Ibicuruzwa, Amabwiriza, n'Iyubahirizwa ry'Amategeko

Iyo ingamba zo kwirinda zananiranye cyangwa ikirere gikabije kikarenga ibikoresho bisanzwe, amato agomba kunyura mu buryo bugoye bwo gutabara mu gihe cy’ubutabazi bw’ibanze, imiti igabanya ubukana bw’ibinyabutabire, no kubahiriza amategeko akomeye. Gukoresha uburyo butari bwo bwo gushonga bishobora kwangiza bidasubirwaho ibice by’umwuka kandi bigashyira amato mu mwanya w’inshingano zikomeye z’amategeko.

Uburyo bwemewe bwo gukuraho ibara ry'umukara n'ubudakonjesha

Uburyo bwemewe bwo gukuraho ibara ry’umukara no kwirinda gukonjesha busaba kwitonda cyane no gukurikiza amabwiriza y’uruganda. Mu bihe byihutirwa aho imiyoboro yakonjeshejwe burundu, gukoresha ubushyuhe bwo hanze ukoresheje imbunda ishyushya cyangwa icyuma gishyushya umwuka ni bwo buryo bwizewe bwo gushonga.

Iyo imiti idakoreshwa mu buryo bwa chimique idakoreshwa, abatekinisiye bashobora gukoresha inzoga yihariye igabanya ubukonje bw'umuyaga, ubusanzwe ishingiye kuri methanol. Ariko, ibi bigomba gukoreshwa gake. Gushyiramo inzoga ya breki ya breki ya 1 kugeza kuri 2 mu buryo butaziguye mu cyuma cyangwa mu muyoboro w'amazi muri rusange bihagije kugira ngo ishongeshe urubura rw'ahantu runaka. Gusuka inzoga nyinshi muri sisitemu birabujijwe cyane n'inganda zikomeye zikora ibintu.

Ingwate n'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'amategeko

Garanti n'amabwiriza agenga ikoreshwa ryemewe ry'ibinyabutabire bikuraho ubwikorezi. Inganda zikomeye mu byuma bitunganya feri ziburira ziti “alcool nyinshi” ko kwangiza impeta za “O-rings” z'imbere mu modoka, imitako y'ingufu, n'amavuta yo kwisiga akozwe mu buryo bwa “synthetic”. Gukoresha buri gihe imiti igabanya ubukonje ishingiye kuri methanol bizatuma garanti ku byuma bihenze bya ABS na “air dryer”.

Mu rwego rw'amategeko, amato agomba kubahiriza igice cya 393.41 cya FMCSA, gitegeka feri zo guparika zikora, n'igice cya 393.50, gisaba ko ibigega bifite ubushobozi buhagije bwo kwemeza ko feri ikoreshwa neza. Guhindura sisitemu hakoreshejwe imashini zikoresha alcool zidasanzwe bishobora gutuma habaho igenzura ry’amategeko n’amabwiriza ya OOS.

Ivugurura rishingiye ku karere, imyaka y'ubwikorezi bw'indege, n'igihe cy'akazi

Ingamba zo kubungabunga zigomba kuba zirimo impinduka zishingiye ku turere, imyaka y'ubwikorezi bw'indege, n'igihe cy'akazi kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo kunoza imikoreshereze y'umutungo. Uburyo bumwe ntibukora neza; traktori itwara imizigo ikora buri gihe ku busitani bwa Canadian Shield isaba uburyo bwo kwimuka mu gihe cy'itumba butandukanye cyane n'ubw'ikamyo itwara imyanda y'umwuga iri hagati mu nyanja ya Atalantika.

Gahunda y'ibyemezo by'indege

Gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo gufata ibyemezo ku mato bituma abayobozi b’ibikorwa byo kubungabunga mato bashobora gucunga neza ibibazo by’ubukonje bw’umwuka. Mu gupima ingaruka no gushyiraho amabwiriza agenga imikorere, mato ashobora kurinda imitungo yawo, kunoza ingengo y’imari yo kubungabunga mato, no kwemeza umutekano uhamye mu mezi y’itumba akomeye cyane.

Gushyira imbere ibikorwa byo gukumira

Gushyira imbere ibikorwa byo gukumira bisaba gusuzuma inyungu ku ishoramari mu mirimo itandukanye yo kubungabunga. Ibikorwa bihendutse kandi bifite ingaruka nyinshi, nko gusaba ko imiyoboro y'amazi ya buri munsi ikoreshwa n'intoki, ntibisaba ko habaho amafaranga y'ingenzi ariko bigabanya cyane uburemere bw'amazi ku buryo bunyuramo.

Ku rundi ruhande, gusimbuza amakatiriji yo mu bwoko bwa desiccant mu buryo butunguranye bitanga ikiguzi kiri hagati ya $50 na $100 kuri buri modoka, hamwe n'abakozi. Ariko, iyo bihujwe n'igiciro gito cya $800 cy'imodoka imwe y'itumba, ERS isaba ko feri ikonjeshwa—hatarimo ikiguzi cy'imizigo itinze—impamvu z'amafaranga zo kubungabunga umutekano w'igihembwe cy'impeshyi ziba zidasubirwaho.

Guhuza ikiguzi, ibyago, n'igihe cyo kuruhuka

Kunganya ikiguzi, ibyago, n'igihe cyo kuruhuka ni imbogamizi ikomeye ku bashinzwe ibikorwa by'amato. Tekereza ku mato mato yo hagati afite amakamyo 50 akorera mu kirere cyo mu majyaruguru. Iyo isubikwa ry'ibikorwa rituma habaho guhagarara kwa 10% mu gihe cy'imvura nyinshi, ayo mato ashobora guhita atakaza iminsi itanu y'akazi.

Ku gipimo cy’uko amafaranga yinjira ku ikamyo imwe ku munsi yagabanutseho $1.000, hamwe n’amafaranga y’inyemezabwishyu zo gukurura no gusana byihutirwa, igihano cy’amafaranga kuri icyo kibazo cy’ikirere kimwe kigera ku $9.000. Gushora imari ya $3.500 mu kuvugurura ibyuma bisukura ikirere no gupima ibikoresho bishyushya bigira ingaruka mbi ku mikorere yabyo, bigatanga itandukaniro rikomeye.

Ubuyobozi bwa nyuma mu mikorere y'igihe cy'ubukonje

Amabwiriza ya nyuma yo gukoresha mu gihe cy'ubukonje agomba guhindura ingamba za tekiniki zo kwirinda mu bikorwa bya buri munsi byemewe n'amategeko ku bashoferi n'abatekinisiye. Amato agomba gutegeka igenzura ryihariye mbere y'urugendo mu gihe cy'itumba rikubiyemo kugenzura igihe cyo gukora compressor y'umwuka, kigomba kugera kuri 85 kugeza kuri 100 PSI mu masegonda 45 kuri RPM isanzwe.

Abakozi bagomba gusuzuma neza ibimenyetso by'uburinzi bw'imodoka mbere yo kubihuza. Abashoferi bagomba gutozwa kumenya ibimenyetso by'uburinzi bw'uko feri ikora buhoro kandi bakabuzwa kunyura mu byuma byumisha umwuka cyangwa gusuka imiti itemewe mu miyoboro. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa aya mabwiriza akomeye ashingiye ku makuru, indege zishobora gukomeza gukora akazi kazo mu mutekano nubwo ubushyuhe bw'ikirere bwagabanuka cyane.

Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe

• Kuramo amazi mu bigega by'umwuka buri gihe mu gihe cy'ubukonje kugira ngo ukuremo amazi y'amazi mbere yuko ahinduka urubura mu buryo bwo gufunga feri.
• Tegura icyuma cyumisha umwuka, cartridge ya desiccant, valve yo gusukura, na heater mbere y'itumba kuko kugenzura ubushuhe ari bwo buryo bw'ibanze bwo kwirinda gukonjesha umugozi wa feri.
• Genzura ibikoresho byo mu nzu, imiyoboro y'amazi, valves, n'ibyumba byo gufunga feri kugira ngo urebe niba hari aho amazi yamenetse cyangwa aho yangiritse, bigatuma amazi yinjira kandi bigagabanya umuvuduko w'umwuka ugera neza.
• Ntugakoreshe ikamyo ifite feri itinze, feri idahagaze neza, cyangwa feri zo guparika zakonje kuko ibi bishobora guteza ibibazo byo kutubahiriza amabwiriza y’akazi ndetse n’ibibazo bikomeye by’umutekano.
• Shyiraho gahunda yo kugenzura feri mu gihe cy'itumba mu ngengabihe yo kubungabunga ubwikorezi kugira ngo ugabanye ikiguzi cyo gutanga serivisi ku muhanda, gusiba ibyoherezwa, no gukora amasaha yo kuruhuka bitateganijwe.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Kuki imiyoboro ya feri y'ikamyo icika intege mu gihe cy'itumba?

Imiyoboro ya feri y'ikamyo irakonja iyo ubushuhe buri mu mwuka ufunze buhindutse urubura munsi ya 0°C. Urubura rushobora kuziba imiyoboro y'umwuka, gladhands, valves zo gutwara feri, cyangwa feri, bikabuza feri gukoreshwa cyangwa kurekurwa bisanzwe.

Ni gute abashoferi bashobora kugabanya gufunga umugozi wa feri mbere y'urugendo?

Abashoferi bagomba gukurura amatanki y'umwuka, kugenzura imikorere y'icyuma cyumisha umwuka, kugenzura imiyoboro n'ibikoresho byacyo kugira ngo barebe niba nta mazi asohoka, kugenzura ko icyuma gifunga icyuma gifunga umwuka, no kwemeza ko umuvuduko w'umwuka wiyongereye uko bisanzwe mbere yo kugenda. Umuvuduko uwo ari wo wose wiyongereye buhoro cyangwa feri itinze gusubizwa bisaba kwitabwaho.

Ese umugozi wa feri wakonje ushobora gutuma ikamyo idakora?

Yego. Niba gukonjesha bitera gutinda gufunga feri, imbaraga za feri zidahuye, cyangwa kunanirwa kurekura feri zo guparika, imodoka ishobora kuba idafite umutekano kandi idashobora gukoreshwa n'amategeko. Ubusembwa bwa sisitemu ya feri ni impamvu ikomeye ituma ibinyabiziga by'ubucuruzi bibura akazi.

Ni ibihe bice bibangamirwa cyane n'urubura muri sisitemu ya feri y'umwuka?

Urubura rukunze kugira ingaruka ku miyoboro y'umwuka, ibigega, ama-valve yo gutwara abagenzi, ama-gladhands, ama-valve yo gufunga feri, n'ama-valve ahura n'ubushuhe n'umwuka ukonje. Ibice by'abatanga amashanyarazi nka CNFJ Auto Parts bigomba kugenzurwa mu rwego rwo kubungabunga ama-ferme mu gihe cy'itumba.

Ese inzoga cyangwa antikonjeze bigomba kongerwa ku miyoboro y'amashanyarazi?

Koresha gusa ibikoresho byemewe n'uruganda rukora sisitemu ya feri cyangwa feri. Imiti idakwiye ishobora kwangiza imitako, ama-valve, n'ibyumba by'feri. Uburyo bwizewe bwo kwirinda ni icyuma cyumisha umwuka gikozwe neza, gikoresha ikigega gisanzwe gisohora amazi, n'ibice by'iyi sisitemu bidasohora amazi.